The Babylonian Talmud was compiled about the year 500, although it continued to be edited later. It was compiled in the 4th century in Galilee. The older compilation is called the Jerusalem Talmud or the Talmud Yerushalmi. Correspondingly, two bodies of analysis developed, and two works of Talmud were created. The process of "Gemara" proceeded in what were then the two major centers of Jewish scholarship, Galilee and Babylonia. The oldest full manuscript of the Talmud, known as the Munich Talmud (Codex Hebraicus 95), dates from 1342 and is available online. It is during this period that rabbinic discourse began to be recorded in writing. As the rabbis were required to face a new reality-mainly Judaism without a Temple (to serve as the center of teaching and study) and total Roman control over Judaea, without at least partial autonomy-there was a flurry of legal discourse and the old system of oral scholarship could not be maintained. This situation changed drastically due to the Roman destruction of the Jewish commonwealth and the Second Temple in the year 70 and the consequent upheaval of Jewish social and legal norms. Rabbis expounded and debated the Torah (the written Torah expressed in the Hebrew Bible) and discussed the Tanakh without the benefit of written works (other than the Biblical books themselves), though some may have made private notes ( megillot setarim), for example, of court decisions. Originally, Jewish scholarship was oral and transferred from one generation to the next. History Īn early printing of the Talmud ( Ta'anit 9b) with commentary by Rashi Talmud translates as "instruction, learning", from the Semitic root LMD, meaning "teach, study".
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